第1395阅读理解 附答案

CET-4 　　In the early 20th century, a horse named Clever Hans was believed capable of counting and other impressive mental tasks. After years of great performance, psychologists discovered that though Hans was certainly clever, he was not clever in the way everyone expected. The horse was cunningly (聪明地) picking up on tiny, unintentional bodily and facial cues given out not only by his trainer, but also by the audience. Aware of the “Clever Hans” effect, Lisa Lit at the University of California, Davis, and her colleagues wondered whether the beliefs of professional dog handlers might similarly affect the outcomes of searchers for drugs and explosives. Remarkably, Dr. Lit found, they do. 　　Dr. Lit asked 18 professional dog handlers and their dogs to complete brief searches. Before the searches, the handlers were informed that some of the search area might contain up to three target scents (气味), and also that in two cases those scents would be marked by pieces of red paper. What the handlers were not told was that none of the search areas contained the scents of either drugs or explosives. Any “detections” made by the teams thus had to be false. 　　The findings reveal that of 144 searches, only 21 were clean (no alerts). All the others raised one alert or more. In total, the teams raised 225 alerts. While the sheer number of false alerts struck Dr. Lit as fascinating, it was where they took place that was of greatest interest. 　　When handlers could see a red piece of paper, allegedly marking a location of interest, they were much more likely to say that their dogs signaled an alert. The human handlers were not only distracted on almost every occasion by the stimulus aimed at them, but also transmitted that distraction to their animals —who responded accordingly. To mix metaphors, the dogs were crying “wolf” at the unconscious signal of their handlers. 　　How much that matters in the real world is unclear. But it might. If a handler, for example, unconsciously “profiled” people being sniffed (嗅) by a drug- or explosive-detecting dog at an airport, false positives could abound (大量存在). That is not only bad for innocent travelers, but might distract the team from catching the guilty. 1. What did psychologists find out about Clever Hans? A) He was really good at counting.B) He was as clever as people claimed. C) He merely responded to human signals.D) He could understand human language.2. What did the dog handlers learn before the searches?A) There was actually no target scent in the search area.B) Each search area contained three target scents.C) Their dogs were expected to find the scents of red paper.D) Some target scents may be labeled with a special mark.3. According to Dr. Lit, the most significant about the experiment was _________.A) the way the dogs raised alerts B) the location of the false alerts C) the average time of the searchesD) the number of the false alerts4. What can be concluded from the experiment?A) Dogs may act in response to their handlers’ bodily signals.B) The cooperation between dogs and their handlers is key to success.C) Well-trained dogs can better understand their handlers’ signals.D) Dog handlers are more likely to be distracted than their dogs.　 5. How does the author see Dr. Lit’s findings?A) They may not be useful in real situations.B) They should raise our concern in real life.C) They will be widely applied in the near future.D) They should be backed up by further evidence. 1. C        2. D           3. B            4. A          5. B

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