2013年12月英语四级作文必备知识训练(4)

　　平行结构
　　相似的思想应用相似的形式表达出来。句子的成份相近，则也应以相似的形式出现。请注意以下标有"NO"的句子是不规范的。
　　No: The school bus skidded, turned sideways, then comes to a stop.
　　Yes: The school bus skidded, turned sideways, and came to a stop.
　　(并列时态)
　　No: I don’t know why I married someone who is miserly, sloppy and a bore.
　　Yes: I don’t know why I married someone who is miserly, sloppy and boring.
　　(形容词平行结构)
　　No: In the wreck the circus lost a panda and elephant.
　　Yes: In the wreck the circus lost a panda and an elephant.
　　(不定冠词的平行结构)
　　No: I debated whether I should give the beggar money or to offer him food.
　　Yes: I debated whether to give the beggar money or to offer him food.
　　(不定式的平行结构)
　　No: They would lie on the battlefield for hours and sometimes days.
　　Yes: They would lie on the battlefield for hours and sometimes for days.
　　(介词平行结构)
　　No: Michael’s vacuum cleaner squealed loudly, shook violently, and dust filled the air.
　　Yes: Michael’s vacuum cleaner squealed loudly, shook violently, and filled the air with dust.
　　(并列谓语)
　　No: The mechanic explained the problem, method, and the tools that he was going to use.
　　Yes: The mechanic explained the problem, method, and tools that he was going to use.
　　(并列带有定冠词"the"的名词)
　　No: He retired respected by his associates, admired by his friends, and his employees loved him.
　　Yes: He retired respected by his associates, admired by his friends, and loved by his employees.
　　(并列被动语态)
　　No: As a young man he had been to Shanghai, fighting in the Anti-Japanese War, and following the Nationalist Party to Chongking.
　　Yes: As a young man he had been to Shanghai, had fought in the Anti-Japanese War and had followed the Nationalist Party to Chongking.
　　(并列过去完成时)
　　No: Jane is pretty, with brown hair, and has a graceful manner.
　　Yes: Jane is pretty, brown-haired, and graceful.
　　(形容词平行结构)
　　No: He left the city because of his lack of success in business, the departure of his friends and because his health deteriorated rapidly.
　　Yes: He left the city because of his lack of success in business, the departure of his friends and his rapidly failing health.
　　(作宾语的名词平行结构)
　　No: They bought the house for location and affordability.
　　Yes: They bought the house because of its location and its affordability.
　　(并列名词;注意代词的所有格)
　　No: Why did you make Xiao Zhang feel useless and as if he was unimportant?
　　Yes: Why did you make Xiao Zhang feel useless and unimportant?
　　(形容词的平行结构)
　　No: This could be a problem for both the winners and for those who lose.
　　Yes: This could be a problem for both the winners and losers.
　　(名词平行结构)
　　No: The prisoner was not only found guilty of bribery but also adultery.
　　Yes: The prisoner was found guilty not only of bribery but also of adultery.
　　(并列介词短语)
　　为使平行结构清楚明了，随时都可以重复介词、冠词、助动词、不定词标志，或者长的短语或句子的介绍词。
　　Awkward: I admire Tennyson for the ideals in his poems but not his style.
　　Improved: I admire Tennyson for the ideals in his poems but not for his style.
　　Awkward: The sentences are difficult to understand, not because they are long but they are obscure.
　　Improved: The sentences are difficult to understand, not because they are long but because they are obscure.
　　Awkward: He explained that the advertising campaign had been successful, business had increased more than forty per cent, and additional capital was sorely needed.
　　Improved: He explained that the advertising campaign had been successful, that business had increased more than forty per cent, and that additional capital was sorely needed.

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